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\n<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nVe sv\u00e9 um\u011bleck\u00e9 tvorb\u011b a filosofick\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se V\u00e1clav Magid kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b zaob\u00edr\u00e1 anal\u00fdzami avantgardn\u00edch model\u016f my\u0161len\u00ed. Mezi jeden z\u00a0nich pat\u0159\u00ed i exploatace odkazu, kter\u00fd po sob\u011b zanechala kritick\u00e1 filosofie Frankfurtsk\u00e9 \u0161koly spolu s rozbory fa\u0161ismu a vivisekc\u00ed jeho ideologick\u00fdch d\u016fsledk\u016f. V\u00e1clav Magid v\u00fdstavu v\u00a0etc. galerii poj\u00edm\u00e1 jako ucelenou dialektickou strukturu estetick\u00fdch a textov\u00fdch v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00ed, jako prostor pro reorganizaci takzvan\u00e9 \u201efa\u0161istick\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly\u201c.<\/p>\n
Kur\u00e1tor: Radim Langer<\/p>\n
Na konci \u010dty\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed prob\u00edhal na Kalifornsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b v\u00a0Berkeley v\u00fdzkum nazvan\u00fd \u201eAutorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 osobnost\u201c, kter\u00fd se zam\u011b\u0159oval na vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed empirick\u00fdch metod zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed antidemokratick\u00fdch tendenc\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti. Pod jeho v\u00fdsledky publikovan\u00fdmi r. 1950 byli podeps\u00e1ni Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson a R. Nevitt Sanford \u2013 dva Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 a dva imigranti ze St\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy.<\/p>\n
Za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos v\u00fdzkumu bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no vytvo\u0159en\u00ed \u201eF-\u0161k\u00e1ly\u201c, je\u017e m\u011bla m\u011b\u0159it intenzitu osobnostn\u00edch rys\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u010din\u00ed jedince n\u00e1chyln\u00fdm k\u00a0antidemokratick\u00fdm tendenc\u00edm.<\/p>\n
P\u0159i konstrukci F-\u0161k\u00e1ly si badatel\u00e9 kladli za c\u00edl vytvo\u0159it n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd by umo\u017enil zji\u0161\u0165ovat spole\u010densk\u00fd v\u00fdskyt p\u0159edsudk\u016f, ani\u017e by byly v\u00fdslovn\u011b jmenov\u00e1ny konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00e9 skupiny nebo aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Polo\u017eky dotazn\u00edku byly formulov\u00e1ny takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, aby p\u0159im\u011bly k\u00a0vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159edsudk\u016f i ty, kdo se navenek zast\u00e1vaj\u00ed demokratick\u00fdch hodnot.<\/p>\n
V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu vypracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed F-\u0161k\u00e1ly se vyno\u0159il dal\u0161\u00ed a podstatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010del, kter\u00fd m\u011bla splnit: odhalen\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00edch, \u010dasto nev\u011bdom\u00fdch sil, kter\u00e9 \u010din\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 osoby p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdmi vlivu antidemokratick\u00fdch ideologi\u00ed. Jako p\u016fvod autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho typu osobnosti identifikovali auto\u0159i v\u00fdzkumu tzv. slab\u00e9 ego, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed schopno uspokojiv\u011b plnit svou hlavn\u00ed funkci \u2013 toti\u017e zaji\u0161\u0165ovat harmonickou synt\u00e9zu jednotliv\u00fdch slo\u017eek psychick\u00e9 struktury. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku toho selh\u00e1v\u00e1 internalizace superega, je\u017e se st\u00e1v\u00e1 jak\u00fdmsi ciz\u00edm t\u011blesem uvnit\u0159 osobnosti. Jedinec se slab\u00fdm egem si nen\u00ed schopen vytvo\u0159it ucelen\u00fd a odoln\u00fd syst\u00e9m mor\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnot, a proto hled\u00e1 n\u011bjakou vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed silu, kter\u00e1 by mohla poskytnout n\u00e1hradn\u00ed oporu.<\/p>\n
Dnes se ji\u017e F-\u0161k\u00e1la pova\u017euje jako n\u00e1stroj v\u00fdzkumu autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch tendenc\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti za p\u0159ekonanou. Vyt\u00fdk\u00e1 se ji mno\u017estv\u00ed nedostatk\u016f, po\u010d\u00ednaje zp\u016fsobem formulace polo\u017eek dotazn\u00edku, kter\u00fd provokuje respondenty k souhlasn\u00fdm odpov\u011bd\u00edm, a\u017e po ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 struktury osobnosti s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm politick\u00fdm obsahem (reprezentovan\u00fdm \u0161iroce ch\u00e1pan\u00fdm term\u00ednem \u201efa\u0161ismus\u201c). Uzn\u00e1van\u00fdm aspektem v\u00fdzkumu \u201eAutorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 osobnost\u201c ale z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 popis z\u00e1kladn\u00edch rys\u016f, kter\u00e9 charakterizuj\u00ed psychickou strukturu jedince n\u00e1chyln\u00e9ho k\u00a0autorit\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Tyto rysy zachycuje dev\u011bt prom\u011bnn\u00fdch, jejich\u017e hodnoty ur\u010duj\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed respondenta na F-\u0161k\u00e1le:<\/p>\n
1. Konvencionalismus<\/i>. Rigidn\u00ed lp\u011bn\u00ed na konven\u010dn\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch st\u0159edn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy.<\/p>\n
2. Autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 submise<\/i>. Submisivn\u00ed, nekritick\u00fd vztah k\u00a0idealizovan\u00fdm mor\u00e1ln\u00edm autorit\u00e1m vlastn\u00ed skupiny.<\/p>\n
3. Autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 agrese<\/i>. Tendence vyhled\u00e1vat, odsuzovat, zavrhovat a trestat lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed se proh\u0159e\u0161uj\u00ed v\u016f\u010di konven\u010dn\u00edm hodnot\u00e1m.<\/p>\n
4. Antiintracepce<\/i>. Odpor ke v\u0161emu subjektivn\u00edmu, imaginativn\u00edmu, zjemn\u011bl\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n
5. Pov\u011br\u010divost a stereotypnost<\/i>. P\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee o osudu jedince rozhoduj\u00ed mystick\u00e9 s\u00edly; sklon p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let v\u00a0rigidn\u00edch kategori\u00edch.<\/p>\n
6. S\u00edla a \u201edrsnost\u201c<\/i>. Z\u00e1jem o rovinu dominance-submise, s\u00edly-slabosti, v\u016fdce-stoupence; identifikace s\u00a0p\u0159edstaviteli s\u00edly; p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00fd d\u016fraz na konven\u010dn\u00ed atributy ega; p\u0159ehnan\u00e9 uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edly a drsnosti.<\/p>\n
7. Destruktivita a cynismus<\/i>. Obecn\u00e1 nevra\u017eivost, tendence shazovat lidsk\u00e9 projevy.<\/p>\n
8. Projektivita<\/i>. Sklon k\u00a0domn\u011bnk\u00e1m, \u017ee ve sv\u011bt\u011b se odehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed divok\u00e9 a nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 v\u011bci; projekce nev\u011bdom\u00fdch emo\u010dn\u00edch impuls\u016f na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed objekty.<\/p>\n
9. Sexualita<\/i>. P\u0159ehnan\u00fd z\u00e1jem o sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u201ez\u00e1le\u017eitosti\u201c.<\/p>\n
Uplatn\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto charakteristik na typ fa\u0161isty, s\u00a0nimi\u017e se obvykle setk\u00e1v\u00e1me dnes, ale vy\u017eaduje jist\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed. Mus\u00edme se nau\u010dit rozpozn\u00e1vat znaky fa\u0161istick\u00e9ho sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed v\u00a0 projevech, kter\u00e9 se na prvn\u00ed pohled jev\u00ed jako jejich prav\u00fd opak:<\/p>\n
1. Konvencionalismus<\/i>. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed konven\u010dn\u00ed hodnotou, na n\u00ed\u017e dne\u0161n\u00ed fa\u0161ista rigidn\u011b lp\u00ed, je n\u00e1rok si u\u017e\u00edvat. Sv\u016fj kulin\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup ke sv\u011btu si nenech\u00e1 ni\u010d\u00edm a nik\u00fdm ohrozit.<\/p>\n
2. Autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 submise<\/i>. Mor\u00e1ln\u00edmi autoritami jsou pro n\u011bj zejm\u00e9na ti, kdo se z\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e sv\u00e9ho spole\u010densk\u00e9ho statusu neboj\u00ed d\u00e1t ve\u0159ejn\u011b najevo slu\u0161n\u00fd d\u00edl hulv\u00e1tstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n
3. Autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 agrese<\/i>. Neodsuzuje jin\u00e9 lidi ani tak za p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e za to, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od n\u011bj maj\u00ed koherentn\u00ed syst\u00e9m hodnot, za kter\u00e9 jsou ochotni bojovat.<\/p>\n
4. Antiintracepce<\/i>. Je to citliv\u00e1 du\u0161e. Snadno se ho dotknete, kdy\u017e budete zpochyb\u0148ovat kvality jeho obl\u00edben\u00e9ho sportovn\u00edho klubu, hudebn\u00edho \u017e\u00e1nru nebo za\u017eit\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu tr\u00e1ven\u00ed voln\u00e9ho \u010dasu.<\/p>\n
5. Pov\u011br\u010divost a stereotypnost<\/i>. Zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 si na sv\u00e9 bezp\u0159edsude\u010dnosti. Jedin\u00fdmi mystick\u00fdmi s\u00edlami, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edem rozhoduj\u00ed o lidsk\u00e9m osudu, jsou pro n\u011bj \u201eobjektivn\u00ed z\u00e1kony\u201c, \u201efakta\u201c a \u201einformace\u201c.<\/p>\n
6. S\u00edla a \u201edrsnost\u201c<\/i>. Neidentifikuje se s\u00a0p\u0159edstaviteli s\u00edly, ale naopak se slab\u00fdmi a bezbrann\u00fdmi. Po\u017eaduje r\u00e1zn\u011b zas\u00e1hnout jm\u00e9nem \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed proti zdrav\u00fdm mlad\u00fdm mu\u017e\u016fm, z\u00a0nich\u017e m\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hr\u016fzu.<\/p>\n
7. Destruktivita a cynismus<\/i>. Je odhodl\u00e1n br\u00e1nit humanistick\u00e9 hodnoty proti destrukci a cynismu \u2013 a to bez ohledu na ztr\u00e1ty na lidsk\u00fdch \u017eivotech.<\/p>\n
8. Projektivita<\/i>. Je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b on disponuje kritick\u00fdm my\u0161len\u00edm, d\u00edky kter\u00e9mu prohl\u00e9dl skrze medi\u00e1ln\u00ed manipulaci a v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd strach pojmenovat v\u011bci \u201enatvrdo\u201c.<\/p>\n
9. Sexualita<\/i>. Py\u0161n\u00ed se zdrav\u011b otev\u0159en\u00fdm postojem k\u00a0sexu\u00e1ln\u00edmu \u017eivotu a toleranc\u00ed k\u00a0r\u016fznosti sexu\u00e1ln\u00edch orientac\u00ed \u2013 zejm\u00e9na pokud se tak m\u016f\u017ee vyhranit v\u016f\u010di sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed upjatosti sv\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00e1tel.<\/p>\n
<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ve sv\u00e9 um\u011bleck\u00e9 tvorb\u011b a filosofick\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se V\u00e1clav Magid kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b zaob\u00edr\u00e1 anal\u00fdzami avantgardn\u00edch model\u016f my\u0161len\u00ed. Mezi jeden z\u00a0nich pat\u0159\u00ed i exploatace odkazu, kter\u00fd po sob\u011b zanechala kritick\u00e1 filosofie Frankfurtsk\u00e9 \u0161koly spolu s rozbory fa\u0161ismu a vivisekc\u00ed jeho ideologick\u00fdch d\u016fsledk\u016f. V\u00e1clav Magid v\u00fdstavu v\u00a0etc. galerii poj\u00edm\u00e1 jako ucelenou dialektickou strukturu estetick\u00fdch a textov\u00fdch v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00ed, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2038","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2038","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2038"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2038\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2165,"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2038\/revisions\/2165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2038"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2038"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/etcgalerie.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2038"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}